Acidification of Lower St. Lawrence Estuary Bottom Waters     

Alfonso Mucci  Michel Starr  Denis Gilbert  Bjorn Sundby 《大气与海洋》2013,51(3):206-218

Accumulation of metabolic CO₂ can acidify marine waters above and beyond the ongoing acidification of the ocean by anthropogenic CO₂. The impact of respiration on carbonate chemistry and pH is most acute in hypoxic and anoxic basins, where metabolic CO₂ accumulates to high concentrations. The bottom waters of the Lower St. Lawrence Estuary (LSLE), where persistently severe hypoxia has developed over the last 80 years, is one such case. We have reconstructed the evolution of pH in the bottom waters from historical and recent data, and from first principles relating the stoichiometry of CO₂ produced to oxygen consumed during microbial degradation of organic matter. Based on the value of the atmospheric partial pressure of CO₂ that best reproduces the preformed dissolved inorganic carbon concentration in the bottom waters, we estimate the average ventilation age of the bottom waters to be 16?±?3 years. The pH of the bottom waters has decreased by 0.2 to 0.3 over the last 75 years, which is four to six times greater than can be attributed to the uptake of anthropogenic CO₂. The pH decrease is accompanied by a decline in the saturation state with respect to both calcite and aragonite. As of 2007, bottom waters in the LSLE are slightly supersaturated with respect to calcite (Ω_c?≈?1.06?±?0.04) but are strongly undersaturated with respect to aragonite (Ω_a?≈?0.67?±?0.03).

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A benchmark comparison of numerical methods for infinite Prandtl number thermal convection in two-dimensional Cartesian geometry     

B. J. Travis  C. Anderson  J. Baumgardner  C. W. Gable  B. H. Hager  R. J. O'Connell 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(3-4):137-160

Abstract

A comparison is made between seven different numerical methods for calculating two-dimensional thermal convection in an infinite Prandtl number fluid. Among the seven methods are finite difference and finite element techniques that have been used to model thermal convection in the Earth's mantle. We evaluate the performance of each method using a suite of four benchmark problems, ranging from steady-state convection to intrinsically time-dependent convection with recurring thermal boundary layer instabilities. These results can be used to determine the accuracy of other computational methods, and to assist in the development of new ones.  相似文献   

The tripole: A new coherent vortex structure of incompressible two-dimensional flows     

Lorenzo M. Polvani  Xavier J. Carton 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(1-4):87-102

Abstract

Using a contour dynamical algorithm, we have found rotating tripolar V-state solutions for the inviscid Euler equations in two-dimensions. We have studied their geometry as a function of their physical parameters. Their stability was investigated with the aid of contour surgery, and most of the states were found to be stable. Under finite-amplitude perturbations, tripoles are shown to either fission into two asymmetric dipoles or to evolve into a shielded axisymmetric vortex, demonstrating the existence of two new ‘‘reversible transitions'’ between topologically distinct coherent vortex structures. These dynamical results are confirmed by pseudo-spectral simulations, with which we also show how continuous tripolar long-lived coherent vortex structures can be generated in a variety of ways.  相似文献   

两点后方交会在工业检测中的应用研究     

李法礼  韩万围  王智 《四川测绘》2010,33(4):176-177

用全站仪检测工业设备时经常需要移站测量，本文根据移站前后两个公共点利用后方交会求取移站后测站点坐标，通过解平面三角形求取测站点平面坐标，采用距离进行加权平均求取高程值，通过实验验证了该方法的可行性。  相似文献   

基于GIS的甘肃省区域经济时空差异研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王世杰  赵军 《测绘科学》2010,35(2):170-172

区域经济差异研究一直是区域经济学、发展经济学研究的核心问题之一,也是世界各国经济发展过程中的一个普遍性问题。一直受到各国学术界和政府决策部门的普遍关注。地处中国西北地区的甘肃省,经济社会发展较为落后,省内区域经济差异问题突出。深入分析甘肃省区域经济差异演变规律及其原因对于探索落后地区经济协调发展道路具有重要的理论和实践意义。本文在总结前人研究成果的基础上,采用一系列定量测度指标,运用GIS和空间统计分析方法,研究了2000-2006年间甘肃省区域经济差异及其演变规律。基于ESDA全局和局部空间自相关分析,在GIS软件和GeoDA空间统计软件的支持下,利用甘肃省2000-2006年各市、州和县域人均GDP数据,对甘肃省县域经济的总体和局部空间差异进行了实证分析。  相似文献   

GPS第三频载波及民用码的信号质量分析     

吴继忠  杨荣华 《测绘信息与工程》2010,35(5):22-24

介绍了L5载波的特点,分析了L5载波对GPS测量的影响,用实测数据分析了三频载波的信噪比及各个民用码的噪声水平。  相似文献   

基于2.5维面的气象数据可视化技术——以风场数据显示为例     

龚琳 《测绘科学》2010,35(3):56-57,52

根据2.5维面的设计思想及曲面可视化的方法,结合部分气象数据信息具有相同的经纬度范围和海拔高度的特点,构造了基于温度和可降水量的2.5维面,并重点提出在2.5维面上进行风场流线可视化的方法。实践证明,应用2.5维面分析气象数据在一定程度上平衡了运算量和可视化结果之间的矛盾,对地理环境气象数据的分析和比较有帮助作用。  相似文献   

基于SuperMap IS.NET的西安市基础地理信息查询系统设计与实现     

滕大强  郑建功  张梦华  李春华  黄沛 《测绘与空间地理信息》2010,33(3):108-110

随着城市规模的不断扩大,基础地理信息呈海量化、多元化、跨时空等特点。管理任务日趋繁重,建立现代化的基础地理信息综合查询系统迫在眉睫。本文探讨了基于SuperMap IS.NET网络GIS平台建立的西安市基础地理信息综合查询系统,并就该系统的数据模型、系统架构、系统设计目标、功能设计和关键技术进行了介绍。  相似文献   

Benthic nutrient fluxes along the Laurentian Channel: Impacts on the N budget of the St. Lawrence marine system     

Benoît Thibodeau  Moritz F. Lehmann  Jacqueline Kowarzyk  Alfonso Mucci  Yves Gélinas  Denis Gilbert  Roxane Maranger  Mohammad Alkhatib 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2010

Water column concentrations and benthic fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and oxygen (DO) were measured in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Upper and Lower St. Lawrence Estuary (USLE and LSLE, respectively) to assess the nitrogen (N) budget in the St. Lawrence (SL) system, as well as to elucidate the impact of bottom water hypoxia on fixed-N removal in the LSLE. A severe nitrate deficit, with respect to ambient phosphate concentrations (N*∼−10 μmol L⁻¹), was observed within and in the vicinity of the hypoxic bottom water of the LSLE. Given that DO concentrations in the water column have remained above 50 μmol L⁻¹, nitrate reduction in suboxic sediments, rather than in the water column, is most likely responsible for the removal of fixed N from the SL system. Net nitrate fluxes into the sediments, derived from pore water nitrate concentration gradients, ranged from 190 μmol m⁻² d⁻¹ in the hypoxic western LSLE to 100 μmol m⁻² d⁻¹ in the Gulf. The average total benthic nitrate reduction rate for the Laurentian Channel (LC) is on the order of 690 μmol m⁻² d⁻¹, with coupled nitrification-nitrate reduction accounting for more than 70%. Using average nitrate reduction rates derived from the observed water column nitrate deficit, the annual fixed-N elimination within the three main channels of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and LSLE was estimated at 411 × 10⁶ t N, yielding an almost balanced N budget for the SL marine system.  相似文献   

Suspended particulate matter in the St. Lawrence estuary and Gulf surface layer and development of a remote sensing algorithm     

P. Larouche  U. Boyer-Villemaire 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2010

Remote sensing of chlorophyll concentration is potentially affected by the presence of inorganic matter in the water column. Seasonal variability of total suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration and its partition into organic and inorganic fractions was thus measured in the estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence during five cruises. These measures were made in the surface layer down to the depth of the 0.1% light level. Results indicate that vertical variability was small for the entire study area. Data analysis lead to the definition of two main regions having different SPM characteristics: 1) the estuary zone characterized by a strong spatial variability, intermediate SPM concentrations and a clear spring phytoplankton bloom that is combined to an increased inorganic matter load; 2) the gulf region characterized by a relatively low SPM concentration and phytoplankton blooms in the spring and fall periods. Combined with in situ measurements of remote sensing reflectances, the database was used to validate existing inorganic matter retrieval algorithms and develop a new one better adapted to the low concentrations encountered in the St. Lawrence estuary and Gulf.  相似文献